Traditional Chinese medicine in Japan is derived from ancient Chinese medicine.Not only in terms of academic theory, but also in terms of treatment practice, Japanese Chinese medicine and ancient Chinese medicine are all in line.But as far as Japanese oriental medicine is concerned, in the process of long-term development, it also has its own characteristics and colorful achievements.Chinese medicine in China and Chinese medicine in Japan have suffered the same political forces in the past 100 years to destroy and stifle traditional medicine.This paper reviews the origin and rise and fall of traditional Chinese medicine in order to deepen the academic exchanges between the two countries, so that the history of the destruction of Chinese medicine in Japan will not be forgotten.
The Origin and Prosperity of Chinese Medicine in Japan
1. Origins of Chinese medicine In ancient Japan, diseases were treated mainly by experience medicine.In the early 5th century AD, ancient Korean medicine began to be introduced to Japan.In 562, some Chinese scholars arrived in Japan from Goryeo with the Chinese medicine literature such as Myeongdangdo.In the 8th century AD, after the promulgation of the Dabao Law Decree and the Medical Order of Diseases, Japan copied the Tang system in the medical system and medical education.Before the Meiji Restoration, Chinese medicine had always been the mainstream of Japanese medicine.
From Nara period (710-794), to Heian period (794-1192), Sui and Tang medicine swept Japan.Some scholars have extensively solicited the contents of Chinese medicine books, and have compiled medical works such as "Medicine Jingtai Su", "Big Similar Collection Formula", and "Medical Heart Formula".Among them, "Healthy Heart Formula" is a systematic summary of the outstanding achievements of TCM before the 10th century AD, and an important book containing a large number of valuable early TCM materials.
During the 300 years from the Kamakura period (1192-1333) to the middle of the Muromachi period (1336-1573), Song Dynasty medicine, represented by "Hwa-Jyo-fu", had the most profound impact on Japanese medicine.In Kamakura period, the representative works of Japanese medical researchers in medicine are "The Origin and Symptoms of Diseases" and "A Thousand Golden Facts" compiled by monks 梶 reference.In the early Muromachi period, a masterpiece of medical research in Japan, "Fukuda Fashions" was first published by a monk named Yuya.The theories of the Four Great Masters of the Golden Yuan Dynasty began to be introduced to Japan in the late 15th century, and the theories of Li Gao and Zhu Danxi were transmitted early and far-reaching.It was Wolho, a monk in the Muromachi period, and his disciple, Mitsuki Tadai, who first introduced Kanemoto medicine to Japan.Yuehu went to China in 1452 to study law, and then took medicine as a profession.He has written "Nine Collections of Distinguished Evidence", "Jiyin Fang".Tian Dai Sanxi (1645~1537) studied in China for 12 years and studied Jinyuan medicine under the Moon Lake Gate.After returning to Japan, he actively advocated and studied the theories of Li Gao and Zhu Danxi, and wrote the book "Three Returnes to the Weng Medical Book".His disciple, Qu Naose Daosan, was also convinced and carried forward the academic ideas of Li Gao and Zhu Danxi.
2. Chinese medicine was widely spread in Japan from the middle of the 6th century to the end of the 16th century for more than a thousand years.For more than 300 years, from the 1573-1603 period to the end of the Edo period (1603-1868), Japanese oriental medicine, based on Chinese medicine, has gradually formed a fusion of Japanese medical scholars' academic ideas.Based on the comprehensive acceptance and imitation of Chinese medicine, Japanese medical scholars entered the stage of commitment to medical thought innovation and promoting the "Japaneseization" of Chinese medicine at the end of the 16th century.
The formation and development of the "Later Life School" represented by Qu Naose Dozo (1507-1594) has become a pioneer in the development of Chinese medicine in Japan.The formation of the "Tosamisan School", represented by Qu Naose Dozo and his adopted son Qu Naose Kenzaku (1549-1631), marked the beginning of Japanese medical scholars' attempt to establish a medical system with Japanese national characteristics.Based on the theory of the Yellow Emperor's Inner Sutra, Li Gao and Zhu Danxi were the main characters of the later generations, and the principles and methods of ad hoc diagnosis and treatment were put forward.Representative doctors of modern and contemporary later generations, including Sen Dober, Yazu Do Ming and so on.
3. During the Ming Ying period (1492-1500) of the Muromachi period of Chinese medicine, Ban Jingyun went to China to study Zhang Zhongjing's academic ideas, and brought back "The Theory of Typhoid Miscellaneous Diseases" when he returned home.Later, Nagata Tokimoto (1513-1603) in Kanto, Japan, advocated Zhang Zhongjing, and was praised as "the pioneer of ancient traditionalism" by later Japanese Chinese medicine.
In the Edo period, the ancient Fang School of Medicine, which advocated Zhang Zhongjing's theory earlier, was Nagoya Genetic Medicine.Nagoya Genji (1628-1696) studied medicine in the three schools of Naruse-do in his early years.Around the age of 40, he began to show strong interest in "Typhoid Theory" and "Golden Chamber Summary", and devoted himself to Zhang Zhongjing's academic research in his later years.Another innovative doctor who appeared after Genji in Nagoya was Goto Gokayama.Goto Genshan (1659~1733) denied the value of Yin and Yang theory and Tibetan theory from the Inner Sutra of Huangdi and rejected the traditional theory of pathogenesis and pathogenesis.His disciple, Xiu'an Kagawa, believes that the most important medical books of all time are Typhoid fever, and that the Yellow Emperor's Inner Sutra and the Hard Sutra are mixed with evil theories.Since Nagoya Xuan medicine first advocated Zhang Zhongjing's medical thought, Goto Gengshan restored Han and Tang ancient prescriptions, abandoned the basic theory of TCM and dialectical treatment theory.
Yoshikidō (1702-1773), a representative figure of the ancient Fang School in the Edo period, studied the classics such as "The Typhoid Theory" and "The Yellow Emperor's Inner Sutra" with respect to Zhang Zhongjing as his teacher.However, among the medical books, Zhang Zhongjing was the only one who emphasized the theory of typhoid fever; he believed that Zhang Zhongjing was most respected regardless of the cause of the disease.He advocated "positive experimentation" and "one disease and one poison" in medical thought, focusing on abdominal diagnosis, and making good use of the prescription in treatment.Gil Ik Nam-ae (1750-1813), the eldest son of Gil Ik Dong-dong, advocated the theory of Qi and Blood.It is believed that poison is invisible and must be proved by tangible things, Qi is proved by gas, blood is proved by blood, water is proved by water, and tries to supplement and perfect the theory of "all diseases and one poison".
Famous doctors of the ancient Fang School include Yamawaki Toyo, Nakanishi Shinsaibashi, Murai Ginsan, Cen Shaoong, Zhongjin Ginshi, and Yongfu Duxiao'an.From the point of view of the academic characteristics of the ancient Fang School, it rejects the Yellow Emperor's Inner Sutra, advocates the theory of typhoid fever, denies the later generations, and emphasizes empirical parentage.Famous doctors of modern and contemporary Japan, such as Yuyumoto and Otsuka Keizai.
4. In the middle of the Edo period, the number of doctors who did not adhere to the family theory gradually increased, and later generations called them "compromiseists" in clinical diagnosis and academic research.Mangwol Samyeong (1696-1769) was the leader of the eclectic school, and his representative figures were Wada Higashikokaku and Fukui Fengjeong. Famous eclectic doctors include Yamawaki Higashimon, Kamei Minamune, Yuji Kei-ri, and Asada Sobo.The academic characteristics of eclectic schools are that in clinical treatment, regardless of genre, they pay attention to the actual effect of prescription drugs; in academic research, they are widely involved in ancient Chinese books.
5. Development of Chinese medicine clinical departments During the Edo period, the clinical departments of Chinese medicine were comprehensively developed.On the basis of summarizing and researching the medical science, according to the individual clinical experience and experience, a large number of clinical medical works of Chinese medicine have been compiled.In addition, the Wakayama Aozhu School of Surgery, Genyetsu Kagawa School of Obstetrics, Sugiyama School of Acupuncture, etc. have all achieved outstanding achievements in academic research and clinical practice.In the Edo period, on the basis of inheriting traditional Chinese medicine, two major schools, the "difficult school abdominal examination" and the "typhoid school abdominal examination", were formed.Among them, typhoid school abdominal diagnosis has had a far-reaching impact on later generations.Inaba Wenli and Hekuda Shuho are the representative figures in the study of "Typhoid School Abdominal Clinic".
6. With the introduction, publication and popularization of Chinese herbal and pharmacological works, Japanese scholars have made unprecedented progress in pharmacological research, biopharmaceutical and medicinal botany research, especially in ancient herbs.At that time, the famous herbalists were Baywon Ikxuan, Inage Yaksu, Ono Lan Mountain, etc.